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County water report

Winnebago County Water Report

Drinking-water compliance, watershed health, monitoring records, and river conditions for Winnebago County, Wisconsin.

Water grade

D

Water score

47.9

State rank

#23

of 71

Health violations

28

EPA SDWIS, 5-year lookback

Watershed impaired

12.3%

195 water bodies assessed

Monitoring sites

36

23,695 recent measurements

Live streamflow

65%

FOX RIVER AT OSHKOSH, WI

Water at a glance

Key Water Indicators for Winnebago County

EPA SDWIS

Safety Grade

D

Score: 47.9 / 100

EPA SDWIS

Active Violations

28

5-year health-based lookback

EPA ATTAINS

Watershed Health

12% impaired

195 bodies assessed

USGS NWIS

Streamflow Snapshot

65% of mean

FOX RIVER AT OSHKOSH, WI

EPA WQP

Monitoring Sites

36

23,695 recent readings

Source: EPA SDWIS · Safe Drinking Water Information System

Drinking Water Compliance

Compliance grade

D

Based on EPA SDWIS compliance history.

Water score

Higher scores indicate cleaner recent compliance records.

47.9/100

Health violations

28

Health-based violations

Violations per 100K served

19.3

Population-normalized SDWIS rate

Editorial analysis

Understanding Winnebago County’s Water

Drinking Water Quality Overview

EPA SDWIS

Winnebago County's drinking water received a D grade, scoring 47.9 out of 100. Over the past five years, EPA SDWIS records 28 health-based violations — a pattern that public water utilities are required to disclose and correct.

Watershed Conditions

EPA ATTAINS

Under the Clean Water Act §303(d), EPA ATTAINS tracks whether waterways meet quality standards for drinking, recreation, and aquatic life (reporting cycle: 2022). A notable 12.3% of assessed waterways carry an impairment designation (24 of 195 water bodies) across Winnebago County's watersheds. The leading impairment causes are phosphorus, total and total suspended solids (tss). Impairment does not mean tap water is unsafe — it measures ambient waterway conditions upstream of treatment, not finished drinking water.

River & Streamflow Status

USGS NWIS

USGS NWIS gauge data (as of 2026-05-14T14:00:00.000-05:00) puts FOX RIVER at 3.0k cfs — running somewhat below its historical average at 65% of mean. Streamflow is a leading indicator of drought stress, sediment load, and dilution capacity: low flows concentrate pollutants and warm water temperatures, stressing aquatic life and, in surface-water-dependent systems, the source water quality for treatment plants.

Monitoring Network

EPA WQP

EPA's Water Quality Portal (WQP) aggregates monitoring data from federal, state, and tribal agencies. Winnebago County has moderate coverage with 36 active monitoring sites with 23,695 recent measurements on record. Predominant monitoring categories include physical and nutrient. More monitoring sites generally indicate greater scientific attention to local water conditions — and provide the baseline data that regulators use to set future impairment listings.

Editorial advisory

What the data suggests for Winnebago County

Water Verdict

Winnebago County receives a below-average water quality assessment with a grade of D and a score of 47.9 out of 100. Residents should review their utility's Consumer Confidence Report and may want to consider additional water filtration for drinking.

Violation Context

Winnebago County has recorded 28 health-based violations, indicating multiple instances where federal contaminant limits or treatment requirements were not met. At 19.3 violations per 100,000 people served, this rate is high and signals significant water quality management issues.

Consumer Guidance

Winnebago County's drinking-water compliance is below average with a Grade D, indicating repeated or unresolved violations in the recent record. Winnebago County's drinking-water compliance score is 47.9 out of 100. The violation rate for Winnebago County is 19.3 per 100,000 people served. Residents are encouraged to use an NSF 53 or NSF 58-certified filter for drinking and cooking water until the underlying violations are resolved. Running tap water for 30 seconds before use and avoiding older lead-pipe connections can also reduce exposure risk. The current Consumer Confidence Report from your utility will specify the contaminants of concern. Phosphorus, Total is the leading impairment cause in Winnebago County's watershed. With 36 active water-quality monitoring sites in Winnebago County, data coverage is strong. A pipeline streamflow snapshot from the FOX RIVER gauge is also available on this page.

Regional Context

Winnebago County has better water quality than the average county in Wisconsin. Its water score is 8.4 points higher than the state average, indicating stronger water system performance relative to neighboring counties.

Advisory text summarizes county-level public records and is not a replacement for your utility's current Consumer Confidence Report or direct local notices.

Contaminants & Resources

Key issues flagged in Winnebago County's water environment

Watershed Impairment Causes (EPA ATTAINS)

  • 1

    Phosphorus (excess nutrients)

    Impairment cause per EPA Clean Water Act §303(d) assessment

  • 2

    Total Suspended Solids (Tss)

    Impairment cause per EPA Clean Water Act §303(d) assessment

  • 3

    Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs)

    Impairment cause per EPA Clean Water Act §303(d) assessment

Source: EPA ATTAINS · Reporting cycle 2022

Official EPA Resources for Winnebago County

EPA How's My Waterway

Interactive watershed health data for Winnebago County

EPA ECHO: Drinking Water Systems

Search water utilities and violation records for Winnebago County

Consumer Confidence Reports (WI)

Annual water quality reports from utilities in Wisconsin

Clean Water Act §303(d)

Watershed Health

Impaired Water Bodies

12.3%

24 of 195 assessed

Some impairment

Top Impairment Causes

  • 1

    PHOSPHORUS, TOTAL

  • 2

    TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)

  • 3

    POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)

Source: EPA ATTAINS · Reporting cycle 2022

Impairment is determined under the Clean Water Act §303(d): a water body is impaired when it fails to meet state-defined quality standards for designated uses (drinking, recreation, aquatic life). Assessment coverage varies by state; counties without assessed water bodies are not shown.

Past 5 years

Water Quality Monitoring

Monitoring Sites

36

Active in the past 5 years

Measurements Recorded

24K

23,695 total readings

Most Measured

  • Physical
  • Nutrient
  • Organics, Pesticide

Categories measured most frequently

Data from the EPA Water Quality Portal (WQP), aggregating monitoring records from federal, state, and tribal sources. Each measurement represents a single sample analyzed for a specific characteristic (e.g., E. coli, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen).

Live USGS Streamgage

River & Stream Conditions

Current Discharge

3,050cfs

May 14, 7:00 PM UTC

vs Long-Term Average

65%

Below typical

Primary Streamgage

FOX RIVER AT OSHKOSH, WI

USGS site
04082400
Drainage area
5,310 sq mi
Long-term mean
4,687 cfs

One representative streamgage (the one with the largest drainage area in the county). Many counties have multiple gauges; this view summarizes the primary one. The long-term mean is the full-record annual average; the percent-of-typical value compares the latest reading against that average.

Free tool

Estimate Your Water Costs

Water Cost Estimate

3

3 people  ·  ~225 gal/day

Annual Total

$558

Monthly

$47

Water Bill

$558/yr

Filter Cost

$0/yr

Safety Grade for Winnebago County:C — Moderate

Some violations or watershed impairment detected.

Estimates use the national average residential water rate ($0.0068/gal, EPA/AWWA 2023) and EPA WaterSense per-person consumption baseline (75 gal/person/day). Actual bills vary by utility, usage tier, and local infrastructure fees. For informational purposes only.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the water quality in Winnebago County, Wisconsin?
Winnebago County, Wisconsin has a drinking-water quality grade of D with a score of 47.9/100, based on EPA SDWIS compliance data. The county has 28 health-based drinking water violations over the past 5 years. Watershed health, monitoring records, and streamflow snapshots are reported separately on this page.
Are there any water violations in Winnebago County?
Winnebago County has 28 health-based drinking water violations recorded by the EPA over the past 5 years. Health-based violations indicate instances where contaminant levels exceeded EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). Violations may have been resolved — check with your local water utility for current status.
How healthy are the watersheds in Winnebago County?
EPA ATTAINS assessments under Clean Water Act §303(d) indicate 12.3% of Winnebago County's 195 assessed water bodies are classified as impaired (24 impaired). The top reported causes are PHOSPHORUS, TOTAL, TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS). Impairment means the water body fails to meet state quality standards for at least one designated use — drinking water source, recreation, aquatic life, or fish consumption. Note: watershed impairment doesn't always translate to tap-water issues; treatment plants can remove most regulated contaminants.
How much water-quality monitoring happens in Winnebago County?
EPA's Water Quality Portal records 23,695 measurements from 36 monitoring sites in Winnebago County over the past five years. The most frequently measured characteristic groups are Physical, Nutrient, Organics, Pesticide. Each measurement is a single sample analyzed for one characteristic (E. coli, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc.). High monitoring density means more scientific evidence behind any reported signal — it does not by itself indicate water quality.
What's happening with rivers in Winnebago County right now?
Winnebago County's primary USGS streamgage on the FOX RIVER has a pipeline snapshot of 3,050 cubic feet per second — 65% of the long-term mean of 4,687.45 cfs. Flow is within typical range for this gauge. For the latest gauge feed, visit waterdata.usgs.gov.
How does Winnebago County water compare to the Wisconsin average?
Winnebago County's SDWIS water quality score of 47.9/100 is higher than the Wisconsin state average of 39.5. The average water quality grade across Wisconsin is F, based on data from 71 counties with available SDWIS data.
Is tap water safe to drink in Winnebago County?
Based on EPA SDWIS data, Winnebago County has a water quality grade of D (47.9/100). This indicates below-average compliance with significant violations. Residents may want to consider home water filtration or independent testing. The grade speaks to the public water system, not the watershed — for watershed-level concerns, see the Watershed Health zone. For the most up-to-date information, contact your local water utility or review your Consumer Confidence Report (CCR).
Why does Winnebago County have so many water violations?
Winnebago County has 28 health-based drinking water violations on record from the EPA SDWIS database. A higher violation count can result from aging infrastructure, underfunded water utilities, agricultural runoff contamination, or industrial pollution. Counties with more water systems may also see more violations simply due to scale. Residents concerned about water quality should consider independent water testing and home filtration systems.
How does Winnebago County rank for water quality in Wisconsin?
Winnebago County ranks #23 out of 71 counties in Wisconsin by SDWIS water quality score (1 = best). With a score of 47.9/100, it falls in the top third of counties statewide. The ranking reflects EPA SDWIS compliance only — not watershed impairment, monitoring density, or streamflow, which are tracked separately on this page.

Counties with Similar Water Quality

Dunn County

Wisconsin

D

48.2

Water score

Pierce County

Wisconsin

D

48.2

Water score

Kenosha County

Wisconsin

D

49.0

Water score

Data Sources

Drinking-water compliance data from the EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) via the ECHO enforcement database. Scores reflect compliance history and health-based violation counts.

Watershed health and impaired-waterway data from the EPA ATTAINS Clean Water Act §303(d) assessments, state-reported and EPA-finalized.

Water-quality monitoring counts from the EPA Water Quality Portal (WQP), federated USGS, EPA, and state agency sampling records over a rolling 5-year window.

Live streamflow from the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS), continuous discharge measurements from the largest-drainage gauge in each county, compared against the full-record long-term annual mean.

Disclaimer: This data is informational only. It is not health, legal, or professional advice. For concerns about your specific water supply, contact your local water utility.

By Evan Brooks, Data EditorUpdated Reviewed by Evan Brooks, Data Editor

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